Application Essay

With a solid international experience and background in Accounting and Finance, I am eager to pursue these two interests throughout my future career.Choosing an educational institution, I also kept my career plans in mind. I am applying for a transfer to New York University, since a world-class school located in the most vibrant economic capital of the world will undoubtedly help me to maximize my contribution to the Accounting profession and open up new career possibilities.Besides, at the moment when I was standing on top of the Empire State Building, I decided that I am eager to study and work in the wonderful city of New York.The main reason is definitely my belief in superior quality of Stern Business School’s educational program as compared to most other universities.Knowledge is more important than ever before in our information-driven age, and in my deepest conviction, Stern will provide me with more profound courses that will expand the knowledge from the basic course s for Accounting Major completed in my community college. Eager to complement my major with Finance classes, I anticipate finding excellent opportunities at Stern that ranks as one of the top US business schools forFinance curriculum. I have ascertained that I can be successful in this area after my expertise was confirmed by the victory in two stock investment contests in Korea and I obtained experience managing a private asset management company together with my colleagues.These successes prompted me to switch from Engineering and IT to Accounting. With A’s in all accounting classes at my community college, I believe the time has come to move onwards and to take my knowledge of Accounting and Finance to a new level that will enable me to leverage my experience and inborn abilities.The international focus of Stern is, from my perspective, another important advantage of the school. Looking on my experience in China where I worked at my father’s international trade busi ness for two years, I still feel the positive effects of this work that helped me improve my knowledge of the Chinese language, as well as receive hands-on experience in trading and enhance my intercultural competence.The diversity of Stern’s student community is a great asset since it will help me expand the boundaries of my cross-cultural competence and start friendships with people from all over the world. Drawing on my experience of working as a Korean language teacher and participating in the International College Students Association’s cultural exchanges in my community college, I hope to make my contribution to diversity on NYU campus.I also recognize that, given the vital importance of networking in today’s competitive business environment, studying at Stern can help propel my career through acquaintance with professionals likely to obtain positions in the leading international companies.This global focus of the school will give me a competitive advantag e in achieving my final goal, the position of a CFO in a renowned multinational company. Combined with my knowledge of Chinese, Korean and English, a degree obtained at NYU will maximize my choices for a successful career start.Access to the hub of the global economy is another important criterion for my choice. I feel that to learn the most about the US economy, I have to get to the center of business located in Manhattan. Using this opportunity, I can help make contacts with those who are at the forefront of what is happening in the US business community.Located in the middle of the global economy, NYU will give me an excellent chance to search for a job in a top-ranked accounting form after graduation. During studies at NYU, there will surely be plenty of opportunities to increase my prospects of employment through a range of internships and broaden my work experience that is often a decisive factor in accounting careers.I am positive that Stern Business School will be an importa nt step toward the realization of my ambitious career aspirations. With outstanding faculty, exemplary curriculum, world-wide reputation and international focus, Stern is the ideal match for my future plans.A degree obtained from NYU will become the next building block of my professional career, taking me further in the exciting pursuit of knowledge about the business world. I strongly believe that years from now, I will be looking at this pivotal point in my life, remembering with gratitude my student years at Stern, full of intriguing discoveries, intense preparation for future work and friendships with outstanding individuals from the whole world. Application Essay The reasons for including social sciences in my life long career originated at high school when I showed a deep interest and enthusiasm in studying of government, basics of law and psychology.  Ã‚   Since that time I’ve realized that my professional life would be connected with work on government agencies with focus on social relations.My deep interest in law and psychology as well as my critical and logical thinking abilities have been doing me a great favor in my professional life which is associated with two different spheres of professional activity: finance and psychology.After graduation from college in 1998 with a Degree in Psychology I have been working part time as a counselor for mentally challenged people in group homes and also had a job of accountant and tax consultant in consulting company.   This versatile professional experience gave me a great and invaluable practice of working with people and studying psychological issues as well as it gave me a great cha nce for further improvement of knowledge in the field of human behavior and nature of human relations.On the other hand the work in finance sphere gave me an opportunity to develop and improve my critical evaluation and conclusion skills and gave opportunities for essential independent thinking and independent work practice that is one of integral components of my future career goals.  Ã‚   My rich and deep knowledge of human nature and behavior and my long interest in studying law prompted me to think about continuation of my education and pursuing of Criminal Justice Master degree, which is caused by my career plans to work for FBI or federal Patrol.A solid background in psychology on the hand with my critical and analytical reasoning skills will serve as a strong basis for studying law and criminology. That’s why John Jay School of criminal justice, that has excellent criminology programs, will pave the way for further professional growth and excellence.  

The Effect of Drugs on the Rock and Roll Culture

Music and drugs have gone together hand-in-hand ever since the explosion of rock and roll on the American culture in the sass's. Since then, many gifted performers have succumbed to drug-induced deaths, which Is why I feel that drugs negatively effected rock music. Many great pieces of art have been rumored to be created while under the influence of several drugs, or to be inspired by these drugs. Many artists over the years have used drugs as an excuse to escape their fame, and many have used different types of drugs for inspiration for writing pieces of music, or as for an â€Å"extra boost† for a live show.While drugs may have helped great works of art to be enjoyed by many, drugs are ultimately responsible for many untimely deaths of many great artists, who died before we could truly see their potential. The sass were an era unlike any other in American history both culturally and politically. Many new changes were being made at this time in our government, and with severa l tragic events occurring In what seemed to be a series of events (the assassination of JEFF, the assassination of Martin Luther King, Jar. And Vietnam), the styles of music during this time often reflected the emotions of people. The lyrics of the music of the time were changing from simple love songs, to harsh songs about topics such as rebellion, protest, sex, and more increasingly, drugs. As psychedelic drugs became more and more popular in America, bands such as the Jefferson Airplane and The Grateful Dead saw an immense increase in their number of fans, due to large amounts of people who had an affinity for this new, Jam rock style of music which was very popular with the psychedelic drug scene (â€Å"American Culture: 1960-1969†).Many artists at the time were coming out with albums dedicated to drugs, or albums whose intent was about drugs. One such album was The Beetles' SST. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band, which, In addition to including drug-oriented songs, presen ted a body of Interrelated pieces that constituted an organic whole. This is considered the first â€Å"concept album. † In a concept album, all songs contribute to a single effect or unified story.The Beetles' album was often considered to have been the first concept album, primarily because the title song, occurring In two versions, wraps around the rest of the album like bookends: however, most of the songs on that album are actually unrelated to one another (â€Å"Rock Music: The late sass and sass's: rocks golden age†). These new â€Å"concept albums† would come to dominate music over the next 10-15 years, as many new artists came to surface with music that mixed with drugs, and often provided fatal results.During the sass and sass, the influence of drugs in musical culture was at its peak. Woodstock; a three-day public concert that became notorious worldwide as a concert protesting the Vietnam War, was heavily saturated with drug usage. During this time pe riod, some of the most gifted musicians of the last 50 years died to drug elated problems. Those who were not dead by drug overdose, such as David Bowel and Alice Cooper became more popular due to their Increasingly bizarre and drug fueled stage antics.Artists at the time had been in tune to the restlessness of American college students, tenet primary announce, Ana Ana uses tenet audiences willingness to accept new ideas and new things as a way of promoting the â€Å"rock and roll lifestyle† of free love, new music, and of course, drugs. Many great musical masterpieces were produced during this time, as â€Å"concept albums†, such as The Who's â€Å"Tommy', and Pink Flood's â€Å"The Dark Side of the Moon†.Both of these albums proved to be wildly popular to both the band's fan following as well as the mainstream public, as rock music and drug usage seemed to blend together, and were becoming more accepted by the public as the norm (â€Å"Tomorrow Never Knows: Rock Music & Psychedelics in the sass†). Although everything so far seems alright; things take a turn for the worse. It unfortunately took a few tragic deaths to derail the change in public opinion that was happening at this time.The deaths of superstars such as Janis Joplin (a famous and talented singer who was a star at Woodstock, died of a heroin overdose), Jim Morrison (lead singer of The Doors, died after a heart attack brought on by drug abuse), and Jim Hendrix (considered to be one of, if not, the greatest guitarist of all time, death by choking after barbiturate abuse), brought a shock to the music culture, as seemingly more and more musicians were dying due to the abuse of drugs, day after day.It seemed as if the music and drug cultures were slowly drifting away from each other and out of the mainstream spotlight, until the sass when several new deaths involving musicians and drugs came into the limelight. Kurt Cabin considered by many to be the most talented musician of the last 1 5 years, committed suicide by shotgun, after using extremely high amounts of heroin. This event came as a shock to almost everyone not only in the music and drug worlds, but everywhere because Nirvana (Cabin's band) was becoming internationally known, partially the reason for Cabin's suicide.Heroin was an inspiration for Cabin, and while it may have helped him to produce his music, it ultimately lead him into the pitfalls of depression and caused the death of a great musician, and the breakup of an excellent, growing, nouns band with limitless possibilities. Another death that occurred in the sass due to drug overdose was Bradley Newell, the lead singer of popular southern California band â€Å"Sublime†, who died off heroin overdose.Sublime was another band with great possibilities to become a lasting force in the music industry, however, Newell decided to destroy himself and his family by forming a deadly habit. Many of the deaths that occurred in the sass con cerning drugs and rock and roll were mostly in the sass, a result of depression and heroin abuse, as heroin usage came increasingly popular with the mid-ass grunge movement, and more and more musicians starting to do it. The sass and sass were both eras of change and protest, Just in a different light.The sass were an era of psychedelic drug usage, where musicians were outgoing, and held Jam fests and large outdoor festival concerts, where the usage of drugs was permitted and most often encouraged. In the sass, music fans and musicians were using drugs as a way of protest and inspiration; however, the sass were a different case. In the sass, musicians often kept to themselves, as most deaths were due to a lethal mix of depression and previous mental problems and the addiction to dangerous street drugs such as heroin and cocaine (â€Å"Sex, Drugs N' Rock & Roll? Nah†).While the sass were an era of freedom, where individuals were encouraged to express themselves Ana level Trebl y, ten Ana Tolling were an era of oppression, where everyone was put together as one big piece, and in order for people to break free from this â€Å"piece† and establish themselves, they must do something groundbreaking or different than what is typically expected. Music and drugs have always been intertwined; however, this relationship has offered over time due to changes in the cultural and political atmosphere of the area during the time where sad music was created.The general publics feelings about certain events and policies at the time of occurrence is often what most influences how something will interact with something else (and in this case, the interaction of the drug culture and the music culture). During the sass and ass, many artists released experimental types of music and experimental albums simply because the material they were producing was groundbreaking, it was simply music that no one ad ever produced before.In the sass, artists were often trying to gain infamy for their music and for their uniqueness, not for the corporate material that the executives had packaged them to be. Drugs and music will always be related, as long as there is something to speak out against and someone, somewhere to speak out against it. People use music as a way of voicing their opinions, and thus drugs and music will remain related, and drugs will continue to influence the musical culture, despite the possibility of death or mental depression they can cause.

The Hidden Face Of Ewaste Environmental Sciences Essay

In the epoch of the laptop, have you of all time wondered about what happened to all these good old desktop computing machines? The world is that the industry is invariably scoring us with new appliances that are supposed to give us a more convenient and hearty life. And we buy it! Electronic devices have become such an of import portion of our mundane life that we do non look to be able to populate without it. The downside is that they tend to age truly rapidly. As a affair of fact, the newest digital equipment are intentionally made to last merely a short period of clip, runing from a few old ages to every bit small as a few months. This phenomenon consequences in a turning demand that is increasing both the production and the ingestion of electrical and electronic equipment. However, really few are witting of what truly happens to their old equipment. Let us unveil the enigma for you. What is E-waste? First of all, Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment ( WEEE ) consists of old electronic contraptions which their former users have disposed of: iceboxs, two-channel systems, telecastings, cellular telephones, computing machines, pressmans, DVD participants, MP3 participants and a assortment of other similar devices. These devices are produced at an highly high rate and that rate is sing an on-going planetary The concealed face of E-waste 3 growing. Harmonizing to Bily ( 2010 ) , the production of WEEE sums to about 50 million dozenss a twelvemonth worldwide. This measure is really alarming, sing the composing of these electronics. Indeed, lead, quicksilver and Cd are a few of the tonss of pollutants that can be found in electronic waste and these elements classify WEEE in the class of risky waste ( Pinto, 2008 ) . The resources required for their production are huge and their effects on the environment is higher than those of other merchandises. The disposal job So what precisely happens to all that waste? First, WEEE are non portion of the conventional waste intervention circuit. The reply is that most merchandises merely go debris. North Americans store on mean two to three disused computing machines in their garage or their cupboard. Harmonizing to Environment Canada, each twelvemonth, 140,000 dozenss of electronic waste go into landfills all around Canada ( RCBC, 2008 ) . Furthermore, the Agency for Environmental Protection calculated that about 70 % of screens and 80 % of telecastings are located in landfills. Today, WEEE are more than 5 % of municipal waste, a figure invariably increasing. Science Daily ( 2010 ) estimates that, relative to 2007 degrees, by 2020, the sum of electronic waste associated with computing machines entirely will most likely leap to 500 % in India, 200 % in South Africa and 400 % in China. The big bulk of WEEE end up in landfills, incinerators, even make fulling in sites. It is well-known that many of these lan dfills emit outflowing discharges, and even the best constructed and controlled leak chemicals and metals. The state of affairs can decline depending on how old the landfill is. Vaporization of metallic quicksilver and dimethyl quicksilver is besides unsafe and can take to puting fires in the landfills that pose a hazard to wellness and the environment. Furthermore, Jeffries ( 2006 ) explains that because it is less expensive to direct it abroad than to cover with it The concealed face of E-waste 4 ourselves, a big measure of rubbish is on a regular basis shipped to landfills in developing states like India, China, and Africa. These states all receive big sums of imported computing machines, cellular telephones, and other electronic waste, some of which is reused but most of which is dumped into a heap. The export of WEEE to developing states is a hazardous method of direction, sometimes illegal, but profitable for companies from industrialised states. The illegal export sometimes takes the visual aspect of giving. This is possible given the ordinances are frequently missing in asperity in developing states and the costs of the work force are really low. Are at that place other solutions? There are three options available to handle electronics before they end up as waste. These options are storage, reuse and recycling. However, in Canada, electronic waste is normally stored in landfills. There is another manner of covering with WEEE and that is through reuse. An illustration of reuse can be observed in India. In this state, out of the five million Personal computers, 27 % of theoretical accounts are 8 old ages of age or older. The reuse can so be a good manner to widen the life of a merchandise. However, the sad world is that most of e-waste is non properly dealt with. It is really common for developed states to direct their old contraptions to developing states, either lawfully or illicitly. This action constitutes a temporal solution to their disposal job. Another manner of disposing of your refuse is through recycling. Nevertheless, frequently regarded as a positive procedure, in this context, the â€Å" recycling † is a somewhat different proccess. It inclu des dismantlement, tear uping, incineration, and frequently exportation. It is seldom regulated and involves many hazards like the irremediable taint of the H2O, the dirt and the ambiance ( UNEP, 2005 ) . Merely 20 % of e-waste really go through the recycling procedure. Although the measures of waste are increasing, the industry is slow to develop systems of modern recycling. The concealed face of E-waste 5 What are the impacts? The disposal of e-waste has a major negative impacts on the environment, which consequences in impacting people ‘s wellness. The recycling procedure of these merchandises in developing states is really distressing, particularly as methods are crude and people are frequently faced with fundamental and unsafe working conditions working without protection for the custodies or for the face. Gass, acidic solutions, toxic exhausts and contaminated ash from these centres pose serious jobs for wellness and environment. And it is precisely due to the hapless quality of the H2O and the contaminated dirt that we find serious unwellnesss. It has been found that the e-waste recycling activities were responsible for promoting blood lead degrees in Chinese kids from Guiyu, a little recycling town on the South China seashore. It has been found that its pollution rate is 180 times superior than the bounds fixed by the World Health Organization. ( Monika, 2010 ) . The e-waste industry is using a bout 150,000 people in Guiyu and 25,000 more work in the junkyards of New Delhi, in India. In malice of the backbreaking and unsafe conditions, workers will merely gain between 1 and 4 dollars a twenty-four hours ( Kielburger, 2008 ) . What can we make? To cut down pollution, assorted policies are being evaluated, developed and implemented. Canada joined the Basel Convention on Control of Transboundary Movements of Hazardous Wastes and their Disposal in 1992. This was created to halt economically profitable methods of cargos of unsafe waste to states that refuse e-waste import. But why would anyone accept to go the rubbish bin of the indutrialised universe ‘s e-waste? Robbins ( 2007 ) clarifies the grounds for the start of this commercialism in the undermentioned words: The concealed face of E-waste 6 Poorer states were likely to accept exported wastes because their high international debt tonss and weak economic systems positioned them ill to reject any income-generating activities. As the debatable and unfair nature of the international toxins trade became better recognized, concern led to developing and implementing international controls. ( p. 101-102 ) Some states are implementing plans pollution bar and minimisation waste. Among these attacks, â€Å" Producer Responsibility â€Å" ( EPR ) is important. The nonsubjective: doing importers of electrical and electronic devices responsible for the life rhythm of their merchandises. The rule is that makers have an involvement to ease recycling and dismantlement, to restrict the usage of resources, pollution and waste. This can merely be done through a design and through recommending ecological reuse and effectual recycling. In decision, based on the dismaying menace that e-waste represents, it is indispensable to allow the general public be cognizant of the serious effects that e-waste has on our environment and our wellness. Our local authoritiess should besides be informed of this so that they can set up an substructure for safe direction of WEEE. Even though pull offing e-waste is an expensive procedure, we are called to get down sing what schemes could be undertaken to make a responsible e-waste direction, minimise its production and do its constituents easy to recycle and recycle. The concealed face of E-waste 7

Rewright this paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 2

Rewright this paper - Essay Example Creative communities are groups of people that have dedicated themselves to discovering how to introduce new ways of eating, building and communicating to the general society. These communities are designed to discover new models of sustainable living through the creativity of the community members. All creative communities share some characteristics. The members of a creative community try to take care of their needs for things like education and health care within the community. They try to provide for the needs of humanity at the local level and in a way that is safe for future generations. They think locally with the idea of setting an example of proper living for the nation. Some people say that creative communities isolate themselves from the rest of society. They say that this keeps them from influencing anything. This is not true, because member of creative communities participate in institutions of the larger society. This is how they share their ideas and experiences. For a very long time the term designer has had a specific definition. A designer was viewed as a person that made a plan and then other people were to follow the plan. Manzini challenges this view by saying a designer is anyone that acts in for change in society. Therefore, people who wear the title of designer as well as members of creative communities or regular citizens can be viewed as designers. Traditional vies of design are still valid. Designers can operate within their areas of expertise. This way they can imagine and create those things that do not exist yet. What needs to change is the isolation of the designer. Design needs to be seen as a social learning process. In this view, the designer is more of a facilitator than a boss. The designer works with the community enacting change instead of directing the change. The designer needs to use the skills they possess to facilitate the changes. This change makes the designer’s job more complex. Instead of

Curriculum or Instructional Need Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Curriculum or Instructional Need - Essay Example The main think tanks of the curriculum project management are the project managers or the project leaders that comprises the school management. They are the persons, who make the vital decisions that make. In other words the future of the school is in their hands. One of the difficult things for any school management is to stick to the school’s organization structure and culture that’s been maintained for so many years. The best way to handle a project is to divide the whole project into parts and assign them to the most probable candidates in the team. This decision is taken by the project management comprising of project manages or project leaders. In others to achieve the project goals the project managers use Work Breakdown Structure (WBS) method. This method enables managers to plan a project effectively, execute it accordingly and have a good control over the project. Feasibility study is an important phase in the development process of a project. It enables the developer to have an assessment of the product being developed. It refers to the feasibility study of the product in terms of outcomes of the product, operational use and technical support required for implementing it. Background: The important elements of organizational analysis are to precisely define the business, identify the goals and serve as the firm’s resume. Pro forma balance sheet, an income statement, planning precise strategies and cash flow analyses comprises the basic components of a marketing plan. Situation Analysis: In any organization sector marketing plan is considered to be very important and a thoughtful business plan cannot be overemphasizes because much hinges on it: financial support, management of the available resources like operation and finances, credit from suppliers, promotion and marketing and last but not the least company’s goals and achievements. Implementation: A marketing plan helps as a

Geological hazards in the area Aci Castello in sicily in Italy Essay

Geological hazards in the area Aci Castello in sicily in Italy - Essay Example The first of this was a field research, which required the researcher to report at the location, interact with residents and experts, gather field evidence and analyse findings from the site. There was another form of data collection, which was secondary data collection. The secondary data collection actually took the larger part of the data collection process. This is because the researcher was interested in comparing the findings made by different researchers and geologists about volcanoes at Mount Etna. At the end of the data collection process, it was found that Mount Etna is an active volcano located at Aci Castello, which is the focus and centre of the current research. Mount Etna was selected as part of efforts to focus specifically on volcanoes as part of the geological hazards of Aci Castello. Aci Castello is also famous for its agricultural successes, which serve as the major economic output of the area (Azzaro, 2011). Out of the rocks stands the famous ancient Norman Castle, which was constructed in 1081. Upon the outward beauty of the place, there lie some critical geological concerns, which form the problem for the current research. The problem has to do with the geographic hazards in the area of Aci Castello, particularly the volcanology of the place. This research problem is interesting for a number of reasons. In the first place, it serves an academic significance for students of geography who would need to come up with real life activities of active and dormant volcanoes. There study is also significant in having practical interventions and approaches to dealing with what has become infamous recent volcano eruption activity at Mount Etna. The report therefore aims to critically analyse volcanoes at Aci Castello, particularly the infamous Mount Etna with the purpos e of identifying the trend of activities of these volcanoes so that necessary geological precautions could be taken at these. This will be achieved by undertaking both

Argument essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 4

Argument - Essay Example In the light of the above, it may be argued that it is necessary to keep cultural traditions even if a person has moved into a new country because old culture has its own relevance in an individual’s life. Americanized immigrants like Vietnamese believe that their children will not keep their traditions alive because they do not understand why the rituals are performed on occasions. They believe that the tradition will culminate with the present generation. The children of immigrants have no idea about the prayers to be made to long departed souls. Though the old generation makes it a point to perform all the cultural traditions in varying occasions even if they live in the United States asking for the protection and guidance of the departed souls, their children are only interested in worldly matters of studies, degrees and recognitions. The agrarian ethos of family and worship has given way to the obsession of individual’s glories and ambitions. Keeping tradition alive, however, does not move away from the responsibility of the Americanized younger immigrant generations because at some point of time they regret and feel guilt for not carrying forward their cultural values (Lam 2003). It may be noted that there is not such element as timeless tradition because immigrants consider life of their ethnic society from a different perspective in a foreign land. To keep the tradition alive, immigrants usually build up their version of tradition by re-conceptualizing their past in the new foreign society to discuss issues and dilemmas. The invented tradition has a significance of its own because immigrants interpret and function in the present society according to the cultural models of the past. Factors that help immigrants to keep their cultural traditions of their home country alive are strong immigrant institutions and communities, ethnic networks and transnational relations. In

Nextguard Technologies Research Proposal Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Nextguard Technologies - Research Proposal Example However, user credentials are required for authorization and authentication on the VPN server. Furthermore, for configuring multiple operating system environments on active directory, a domain server must be placed in Georgia, India, California, Canada and New York. As all applications are hosted on the Phoenix site, they should be configured on HTTPS and must use a VPN tunnel for exchanging data with the other 4 sites. Moreover, for adding an extra layer of security, MAC addresses should be linked with WAN IP addresses requesting access to one of the hosted applications. Access Control policy should be drafted that will address access to whom and why. A responsible, Accountable, Consulted and Informed (RACI) chart should be developed, as it will define roles and responsibilities for each user permitted to access web based applications. 2 Blowfish Encryption Algorithm for NextGuard As per computer desktop encyclopedia Blowfish encryption algorithm is defined as â€Å"A secret key cryptography method that uses a variable length key from 32 to 448 bits long. It uses the block cipher method, which breaks the text into 64-bit blocks before encrypting them. Written by Bruce Schneier, as a free replacement for DES or IDEA, it is considered very fast and secure† and as per network dictionary, it is defined as â€Å"Blow?sh is an encryption algorithm that can be used as a replacement for the DES or IDEA algorithms. It is a symmetric (that is, a secret or private key) block cipher that uses a variable-length key, from 32 bits to 448 bits, making it useful for both domestic and exportable use†. Blowfish is an encryption algorithm that was invented by Bruce Schneier in 1993 (Pachghare, 2009). It is constructed on a variable length key ranging from 32 buts to 448 bits that is considered to be perfect for both local and international use along with a solid enc ryption algorithm. After its recognition to be relatively solid encryption algorithm, it is gradually gaining acceptance. Some of the core features of blowfish algorithm include (Pachghare, 2009): Blowfish has a block cipher of block consisted of 64 bit The length of the key can be up to 448 bits BladeCenter web interface: MM Control, Login Profiles page. (n.d.) On 32 bit microprocessor architecture, data encryption is supported at a rate of 18 clock cycles on every byte that is much quicker than DES and IDEA encryption. It is still free to use and is not patented Memory requirements for blowfish are less than 5 kilobytes of memory The semantics are simplified and is relatively easy to deploy The design requirements for a blowfish encryption algorithm incorporates robust, simple to code, compact, easily modifiable and flat key space features (Anderson, 1994). Likewise, flat key space facilitates random strings to be considered as a possible key from a required length. Moreover, it d eploys data in massive byte size blocks and incorporates 32 bits blocks where applicable (Anderson, 1994). Key ranges, as mentioned earlier are from 32 to 448 bits and operations are common that are supported by microprocessors such as XOR, table lookup etc. furthermore, pre-computable sub keys are applicable with variable iterative numbers. These sub keys are massive and must be pre-calculated prior to encryption or decryption process carries out. In an example below, let’s assume that P is pre-calculated array consisting of 18, 32 bit sub keys from P1, P2†¦ till P 18. In addition, there are S boxes (32 Bit) indicated by S with entries equal to 256 each (John Rittinghouse & Hancock, 2003). S1, 0, S1, 1†¦S1, 255; S2, 0, S2, 1†¦.S2, 255; S3, 0, S3, 1†¦

Online Customer Service Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Online Customer Service - Essay Example However, as the businesses grew, information regarding each customer became difficult as a result of customer growth base. To cope up with the growing customer bases, marketing segmentation and customer grouping was started, where customers were put in slots that could fit into their needs. Grouping of customers and putting them into slots enhanced the expectations of customers, but this also compromises some other desires of the customers since other services are tailor made to groups, not individuals2. In order to meet these challenges, relationship management begun to surface in 1980’s where this idea was to work efficiently with a direct relationship with the customer. Most of the firms realized that this could make them to know more about their customers and provide services that were tailor-made to match their desires. By doing this, firms were able to add value to their customers and themselves. Relationship Management is a group of terms and methodologies that illustra te how businesses should endeavor  and  strive for quality customer service, long term relationship with customers, and provision of quality goods and services. The argument behind good customer relationship include, sense of control, reduction of risks, provide more security, feeling a sense of control and reduction of costs of being a custo The rise of social customer The rise of customer requires that companies should change into a fully fledged social enterprise that values openness and succeeds on the collaboration with customers. The livelihood of the social business is a combination of consistent and immediate flow of information which involves every employee and spans every level of the company3. This means philosophically the customer’s needs at the heart of the vision of the company so as to equip the entire labor force with the right tools so as to ensure that there is customer satisfaction either directly or indirectly. This means operationally that there is a n investment in systems, guidelines and training that will enhance immediate communication between the workers and customers. A social business will have to pay attention and engage a variety of media-email, telephone, mobile and web. Several customers are going for social media to research, rave and rant about their experiences. By amplifying and aggregating experiences of the customers, social media has the ability to either make or break the reputation of the company. Studies have indicated that over 40% of the adults use the web to share their complaints about the services and products. Social media has the ability to bring down the company into its knees if not well managed. Social media has pushed customer service to the front of tactical thinking.  In order to stay in the competition, it is extremely beneficial for companies to know about the needs of a social customer. Use of Social Media Companies in the contemporary business environment are moving closer to its customers , and have taken some steps in resolving the problems encountered by its customers. There is a massive opportunities for various companies in the social web4. Removal of communication obstacles between a business and its customers, social web maintains one-on-one, small-scale relationship with the customers contrary to the setting of large-scale

Cosi Shows Us That ‘Fairytale Endings’ Do Not Reflect Real Life Essay Example for Free

Cosi Shows Us That ‘Fairytale Endings’ Do Not Reflect Real Life Essay Cosi is a play set in the 1970s, when Australia and the world were facing political complexities, such as the conflict against the communist government and the happenning of the Vietnam War. It was a time when people had to choose their loyalties, causing great frustration and tearing the community apart. We are able to see this in Cosi in the lives of two best mates Nick and Lewis, as their priorities and commitments during that period of time, as well as conflicting social views with the rise of different social conventions such as ‘free love’ during the 1970s. It is a play within a play with parallel runnings with Mozart’s opera ‘Cosi Fan Tutte’, both plays explore the meanings of love and fidelity and how Lucy parallels the infidelity of the women in ‘Cosi Fan Tutte’. Nowra also allows us to see how the theatre works its magic, as a therapy not only for the insane but as well as the sane. As we slowly see the cast blossoming towards the end of the play, Lewis ends it by announcing some fateful happenings of the cast such as the deaths of Julie and Henry, giving an unfairytale like ending to the play. However not all had the same fate, we see how Ruth’s obsessive compulsive disorder allowed her to become a â€Å"time and motion expert† and Zac’s eccentricity making him a â€Å"rock and roll† player. ‘Cosi fan Tutte’ main theme is about a woman’s infidelity towards man. Despite the opera being set in the 1700s and facing problems with love and fidelity, it proves that society still hasn’t changed in that perspective with the characters in Cosi mirroring some of it’s values. The ‘free love’ movement during the 1970s also shows how society is becoming much more liberal in character and less conservative. The influence also caused a seperation between the community as some still stick to their conservative views such as Lewis, Nick and Lucy. Lucy redefined the modern meaning of fidelity by claiming she â€Å"only had sex with Nick, but slept with Lewis. † Lewis himself also holds his very bias view on fidelity, despite his obvious attraction towards Julie, he still claims his fidelity by â€Å"not having sex† with Julie even though he kissed her. This shows the society’s gradual evolvement by beginning to define it’s meaning of fidelity with the references to sex only. Nowra allows us to observe the discrimination and social defining ways of the people by beginning the play in a â€Å"burnt out theatre†, displaying the neglect shown towards the mental patients and the seperation it had formed between the sane and insane people. â€Å"They are just people who have done extraordinary things, thought extraordinary thoughts. † Nowra shows the fine line drawn between the sane and insane, and that those in the institution are not always as what the society defines them. The act of isolating mental patients shows the people’s way of dealing with kinks in the society, an easy solution. Julie for instance, is completely sane however has an addiction to drugs, â€Å"They don’t know how to deal with drug users† shows how the people had either the lack of knowledge or wasn’t eager enough to dwell into and solve the problem. Instead, Julie was prescribed more drugs for her habit, which did not break and caused her death in the future with an overdose. Zac also displays the extremities of drug consumption, causing him to have no control over himself and later not being able to appear in the opera. Such as ‘Cosi Fan Tutte’s’ use of Mesmer magnets and Cosi’s use of shock treatment for magnets showed the society’s inefficient way of dealing with problems. Through Cosi, whether insane of sane, the cast blossomed as they progressed on into the play and just like Justin’s main aim â€Å"to bring them out of their shells†, Lewis suceeded. Not only with them but from a shy and confused young man, Lewis came out with a stronger sense of leadership and confidence. He was more certain on what he wanted compared to earlier where he allowed Roy to grab his glory. Lewis broke up with Lucy and learned to console Roy before the opera showing a huge improvement from his character before, he â€Å"proved Roy wrong†. The cast showed lots of gratitude towards him in the end of the play even with Henry stuttering a â€Å"Tttthank you†, who before this could only communicate with the form of â€Å"shaking his head†. Despite his improvement in speech and confidence, Nowra made his fate a sad one showing the unrealistic ‘fairytale endings’, along with Julie’s overdose despite being discharged. Roy had showed no improvement with his continuous enthusiasm over the wards where â€Å"his fellow patients took petitions to get rid of him†. But with Ruth and Zac’s improved careers, Nowra shows that there are still hopes in ‘fairytale endings’.

Technology In Cinema And Film Making Media Essay

Technology In Cinema And Film Making Media Essay I think that modern technology has changed modern film making for the better. In the last few years, using the latest technologies has been paramount in the film making process. This has caused films to evolve over the years with each progressing idea, technology, and technique, allowing filmmakers to bring their vision to life more accurately and more convincingly to the big screen. Without these advances in video capture and computing many films such as Star Trek'(JJ Abrams, 2009) would not have been as successful. Film production has also become very fast to meet the growing demand for movies as the channel for distribution increase and audiences broaden. The development of technology has affected an extremely wide array of areas concerning film, including the production process, the way films are viewed, how the films are distributed, and even how they are promoted. These new innovations are advancing so quickly now that the traditional cinema-going experience may find itself hav ing to compete with online streaming of filmed entertainment. 2. The facts and opinions Digital media is in-expensive and can be edited quickly and easily. Large Volumes of raw video are handled in a few days with sometimes only one person working on it, this is comparable to the older methods with film that took several weeks to process with teams going through each reel of film. The first practical cinema device was made by two French brothers Louis and Auguste Lumiere, they called it the cinematograph. In 1894 the device and others like it began to be used in public buildings or halls (dubbed ‘nickelodeans because it cost a nickel to watch the short animation). Through various advancements throughout the following years the recording and replaying methods became more powerful and much simpler. One of these advancements led to colour pictures and was used to obliterate mono-chrome movies for a short while. Films like ‘Schindlers List Steven Spielberg 1993 and ‘Clerks Kevin Smith 1994 show that monochrome can help make an atmosphere that colour cant. An example of a movie with very little technology would be â€Å"No Country for Old Men† which relied on the atmosphere made by good acting and filming. It is argued that the lack of technology used in the making of the film and even in the setting, which was the early eighties, made for a more dramatic effect. But to contest that is the fact that the film was following the original novel by Cormic McCarthy, and that dramatic effect was made by very good acting, directing, back music and producing. Computer Generated imagery has changed the way movie makers imagine and visualise the movie because they are not as restricted as they were 20 years ago. Some ‘get arounds had to be made then due to lack of funds or until a technological solution was developed. The more simple ‘tricks included stopping the camera but keeping it in position as an actor moved off set before continuing to give the effect that a character had suddenly vanished. Another trick would involve an artist painting some matching scenery around a sheet of glass and letting the camera film through that so it made the surrounding area look larger than it actually was. Original animations were very tedious and labour intensive. To make the drawings ‘move the cartoonist normally had to produce twenty-five to twenty-six drawings for every second of screen time. This resulted in ten-minute cartoon needing fourteen thousand, four hundred different drawings. ‘Gertie the Dinosaur by Winsor McCay in 1909 was the first one of its kind. It was seven minutes long and needed ten thousand drawings. Titan AE, this is an animated movie enhanced by computer to give a hybrid. This was a great success and is known for stunning visuals and brilliant voice acting. Normally an animated movie is screened at around twenty five frames per second which means that even the smallest movement on screen would require about sixty drawings. With the computer this be dramatically reduced and enhanced graphically. Another movie â€Å"Monsters Inc. â€Å" is completely computer generated. This gives the movie a cartoonish look and the class of a live film were the actions and motions are more fluid. CGI allows directors to create an atmosphere that they would not be able to achieve with models or visual â€Å"trickery†. George Lucas explains in â€Å"Star Wars A New Hope Remastered DVD† In the scene where Luke Skywalker and Obi-Wan Kenobi are speeding across the Desert in the â€Å"Speeder†(Hover Car), The production team originally put Vaseline on the camera lens in the area that the cars wheels would be. This of course left two black smudges under the car. Due to other problems and limitations Lucas had problem realising his vision for the movie. He created his own digital effects house (Industrial Light and Magic and sound companies ‘THX and ‘Skywalker sound because the things he wanted simply didnt exist. New techniques were thought up and tested. Although the film was highly successful, Lucas still was not happy and later remastered the film with more advanced graphics and sounds. With the improvements they added larger backgrounds to once disappointing sets and add extra characters. A cut scene was added because they could now add in a CG (computer generated) alien character that at the time didnt even have a puppet stand-in. Without the help of these special effects the film would not have done justice to Lucas original vision for the movie. For ‘The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring (Peter Jackson, 2001) and ‘The Lord of the Rings: The Two Towers (Peter Jackson, 2002) programmer Stephen Regelous created ‘Massive a special-effects program that allowed thousands of unique CG characters to have a mind of their own when thrown into combat for the battle scenes. â€Å"Gathering seventy-thousand or so tall, broad-shouldered extras, dressing them in elaborate armor and having them slaughtering each other was out of the question. â€Å"Digital technology is a thing, a medium that makes film flourish as it never has before.† George Lucas Because of CGI, realistic Dinosaurs were seen in ‘Jurassic Park (Steven Spielberg, 1993) and animals have charged down through a city street in ‘Jumanji (Joe Johnston, 1995). â€Å"The future of cinema lies in the power of the pixel. The injection of fresh ideas and methodologies will only serve to mix up the metaphorical gene pool and empower a new generation of filmmakers.† Roger Corman Both these movies have done very well in cinema through VHS and DVD sales. Examples of films that have been let down by special effects would be ‘Killer Flood'(Doug Campbell, 2003) and Deep Blue Sea(Renny Harlin, 1999) which did alright in viewings and even had very good acting and scripting but was let down by a few moments were the audience should have been amazed by the imagery but instead was disappointed by the poorly made imagery of the sharks. Movies have also been influenced by Computer Games and some of the rendering techniques from games have been applied to the movie making process. One such method has a group of people wearing Skin tight clothing fitted with sensors on all the locations were movement is most noticeable and at joints. A computer then gathers the information to make a model on screen with the same movements of the person wearing the sensors. Computer generated imagery has also helped reduce the cost of movie making. Large effects that normally cost thousands to make can be done with a decent computer and some editing software. Because of the need of pre-processing is no longer required with digital video, clips can now be viewed on site instantly and mistakes can be found and changed or fixed unlike traditional 35mm film where errors would not be found for weeks until all the film had been processed. With cost effective production, more and more movies can be made and newer previously unknown directors appear with Box Office hit Films. A recent box office hit â€Å"Zombieland† directed by Ruben Fleischer was the first feature film by him, without the low cost production methods available the movie may not have been made. ‘District 9 ‘Zombieland done well in cinema and have been made by first time directors. ‘District 9 Gross Profit $210,146,235 ‘Zombieland Gross Profit $90,081,556 The large profits of these films show that they have been a success and the filming budgets (average 30,000,000) show that studios are not afraid to stop a production half way. Before digital film these mock ups had to be made to view/preview the movie hence a higher cost. Digital Video has been both the answer to cheap filming and the enemy of those in the film industry. With digital video large amounts of video can be moved and transferred easily rather than the trucks needed to move the reels of film. Increased memory capacity has aided this as well allowing very high quality images to be recorded. High definition video is an example of this as there are so many pixels per frame and so many frames the file sizes are enormous. Just 30 minutes of video can be two Gigabytes in size. One of the first films to use digital video was ‘Westworld in 1973. Shortly before digital video came digital audio. With digital audio the same advantages apply, it is cheaper to store and easier to edit. One of the main advantages of digital audio is that tape is not needed to store it. Audio stored on tape was prone to distortion or deterioration from magnetic waves and moisture; it is also much harder to sync than with a piece of video like an animated character or sound effect. Recorders and Microphones have become very small and fitted inside the ear or in the collar of a jumper. They can record in very high quality which helps in the editing phase, if a character gets drowned out by another noise or their voice becomes muffled by another person in front of the microphone on the main floor . The better quality also creates a much better atmosphere for the audience. This may not make or break the film but bad audio can be worse than bad visuals in my own opinion. With HD (High Definition) audio emerging, recording techniques and styles will evolve again. This will follow the adoption of Surround sound which is now common among home entertainment systems and some Cinemas or Movie Theatres. Surround Sound uses multiple speakers placed around the audience and a special controller sends the right volume and sounds to each speaker to make it sound as though the audience is immersed in the movie. Sound technicians now place the mics around the set / scene to record the different sound levels at those spots in the room. Not every new idea in cinema was successful enough to consider continuing at first, such as three-dimensional movies (3D), which required viewers to wear special glasses, and the â€Å"smells†, in which different scents were blown into theatres to accompany the images and sound. The system just didnt work well or subtly enough. Now though 3D movies are at an all-time with 9 3D movies released in 2009 alone. With the new 3D technology using digital glasses and high frequency screens the poor effect on a viewers eye-sight or balance has been removed. 3D Filming has for a long time been an attraction for creating stunning experiences. â€Å"Journey to the Centre of the Earth† was the first film to successfully deploy a live 3D experience. It grossed $241,995,151 in worldwide. These changes seem to have been for the better, good profits for 3D films shows a fan base and market audience. The newest technologies used are proving their worth and may end up leading production to entirely 3d movies. With advancements comes cheaper high end equipment this has led to a lot of fans and wanna be producers making films or videos on the cheap. YouTube the greatest example of public film/video is well known and is full of fan made or home made movies. Some of these can be on par with full length feature films. Technology has advanced to let what used to be studio equipment be compacted and simplified for everyone. A good example of the Fan- made movie is â€Å"The Hunt for Gollum† a prequel to â€Å"The Lord of the Rings, The Fellowship of the Ring† It has amassed over 1.5 Million views and maintains a 5 star rating( The highest available on YouTube). On another Note the Movie has been made in HD which shows the makers had access to good equipment. Another intriguing thing to note is that technology on the whole can and has influenced films. Two older movies that are well known are ‘Wargames'(John Badham 1983) and ‘Hackers'(Iain Softley, 1995). One of the most notable is The ‘James Bond 007 series of films which has used technological possibilities to its fullest, were Bond is supplied with a massive range of gadgets some futuristic and some of the present times. 3. Conclusion Movies at home are now a big part of the cinema experience. Large television sets and home cinema systems are very common. Small versions of the projectors used in the cinema are also common and provide a cinema like atmosphere to your home movies. Homes can even have computers that server video and audio content to the television. With movies cheaply available to buy, sets of several DVDs available on a single Blu-ray disc and Online services such as the iTunes Store making digital downloads available, there is always a larger demand for movies and so the film industry will continue to make good films. â€Å"With more channels of distribution there will be a greater demand for content but less money will be required to make it. The people who can create content the most cost effectively will have a clear cut advantage† Roger Corman The future of Cinema is greatly entwined with technological advancements. The effects of technology on cinema are quite clear, as long as the technologies are used in the right ways and are not abused for the sake of time or money then the quality of cinema will not die. Though there are movies were technology plays a minute roll it still seeps through from the camera used the sound recording equipment and the sets built. The cinema was built of technology and should continue to thrive and mature and technology does so.

The Border Cave South Africa History Essay

The Border Cave South Africa History Essay Mr. Barton W. E at first exhumed Border Cave in the year 1940. Throughout the periods of 941-1942, numerous Middle Stone Age industries were exposed. Additionally, an infant interment was established in the assemblage. These discoveries directed archaeologists to believe that there might have been previous hominid occupation in the Border cavern location. Geologist H. B. S. Cooke did geological studies of the Border Cave assemblages. In 1974, a hominid mandible was found during an excavation along with younger MSA layers. In recent years, other archaeologists including K. W. Butzer, P. B. Beaumont, and J. C. Vogel have done further excavations that revealed the youngest layers of the MSA to be 49,000 BP (Butzer, Beaumont, and Vogel 317). Location Border Cave is a cave, which is located within Zululand in South Africa. This is approximately about 400 m from Swaziland. The caves mouth opens west towards the Lembobo Mountains. These mountains are 650 meters in height and stretch north and south along 35 km wide Loweld plain. At the steps of the mountain, there are steep cliffs and escarpments. The major river of Ngwavuma River cuts through the Lembodo Mountains. The drainage lines in this area flow from west to East and have created many valleys. The Lembodo Mountains consist of many different types of rocks, but most of these types of rock are geomorphic including basalts, and ecca shales. The formation of The Border cave is attributed to differential weathering. Due to the rates of erosion, it has been determined that the large amount of the cave formed during the Pleistocene. Today, the Border Cave is circular in shape and is 40 m in width (20). The climate at Border Cave is hot in the summer and dry during the winter. From Mozambique to the Coastal Plain, the climate is a warm tropical savannah. In addition, the Lowveld is warm-mesothermal, semi-arid, without any large areas of water. Finally, the Lebomdo Mountains has climate that is sub humid. Actual rainfall numbers vary from 500m in the lowlands and 900 m in the highlands. Most of the rainfall about 75-80 % occurs during the summer. The average temperatures as measured in Nsoko records the highest mean temperature occurring during the month of January 25-26 degrees Celsius, and that the coldest monthly average occurs during June 10-0 degrees Celsius. Daily ranges can be extreme in a tropical climate. Although frosts due occur sporadically at Lowveld; Border Cave is frost-free (24). Dates The four hominid specimens found in Border Cave site layers of BC1, BC2, BC3 and BC4 are believed to be examples of anatomically modern humans. According to the assemblages and dates, these layers represent the MSA industries. The hypothesis of an early Pleistocene appearance of Modern Homo sapiens is supported by the findings at Border Cave. However, many archaeologists have questioned the validity of these findings because of the inconsistencies in the stratigraphic sequences (Rainer Beaumont and Christopher 22). The archaeologists used a number of dating methods in order to accurately date the layers of BC1, BC2, BC3, and BC4. Electron Spin Resonance (ESR) was used on 25 teeth found in the layers. The ESR measurements were done by two to four pieces of enamel from each tooth. Next, the uranium concentrations of the enamel and dentin were measured by neutron activation analysis (Grun, Beaumont and Stringer 1990). Based on these findings, BC1 and BC2 is ~less than 90 kya, BC3 is ~70-80 kya, and BC5 is ~50-65 kya. In addition, based on the ESR results the MSA-LSA transition is shown to occur ~35 kya earlier than often believed, and Howiesons Poort lithic industry is 45-75 kya (68). The dating of the lower levels at Border Cave has never been dated by one method. The Radiocarbon dating of these layers has been characterized as unreliable in the past. Due to this fact, it has been impossible to compare oxygen isotope record with the paleo-environment matches (Grun, Beaumont and Stringer 1990). According to the radiocarbon dating done on charcoal, the ages of the Border Cave are as follows, .65 kyr to 28.5 kyr for level 1BS.UP (below iron age layers), 33 kyr to 38.6 kyr for level 1BS.LR, 33 kyr to 45 kyr for level 1WA, and >41 kyr to 49.1 kyr for level 2BS.UP (33). Activity Areas Much evidence is present that shows that fires were quite abundant in the many of the layers of Border Cave. For example, in unit 1B, the bedrock is weathered and the colours of the sediments are discoloured to yellowish-brown. Diffuse organic matter causes this discoloration. Very dark-gray or black lenticular hearths can be found in about half of the strata. In addition, reddish oxidized aggregates have been found in unit 8. These findings show that the fires that were made in these areas burned longer and hotter than those in other areas. Also, bone ash has been found in units 3, 6, 8, and 11a. 139,000 bone fragments have been found in excavation 3A; however, only 313 bones can be identified that are not rodent. Excessive trampling of the bones around the fires caused many of the fragments to become unrecognizable (Butzer, Beaumont, and Vogel 1978).With regards to artefacts, micro-debitage was found in samples from units 3, 4, 9, 11a and 13. Most of the tools were found in units 5c, 6, 7b, and 10. The raw materials that were used include chert, rhyolite, quartz, and chalcedony. Some bone and wooden tools have been found in the later MSA layers, and ostrich egg shell beads have been found in the LSA layers (44). Given that written language was not rampart in several African cultures until the last century or two, past records of Africas history are uncommon. Yet, broken pots and buried beads, bricks and stones, as well as graves and bones may articulate as clearly as words on a page to palaeontologists, archaeologists, in addition to others competent to interpret them. Archaeology, the study of the material traces left by persons of the ancient times, is the most important resource regarding how Africans have lived at various times in the during their long history. Between 1920 and 1930, Archaeologists first discovered fossils of humanlike australopithecines. The significance of these finding was not instantaneously acknowledged, but ultimately palaeontologists become conscious of the fact that australopithecines are the most primitive human ancestors. Most possible they survived on wild foods as well as scavenging carcasses slain by large animals. A number of of the australopithecine fossils discovered in the region were persons exterminated by animals, and the sites where they were established do not essentially signify the places where they lived or made stone and bone equipments. a number of archaeological sites in southern Africa, such as Klasies River Mouth on the coast of South Africa and Border Cave in Swaziland, harbour skeletons of Homo sapiens alongside the substantiation of modern behaviour such as the progress of family groups, food sharing, and the premeditated use of resources. These locations may be more than 100,000 years old. Archaeological substantiation has revealed that, throughout the Late Stone Age, individuals of southern and central Africa were principally nomadic, moving with the periods linking low-lying lands and mountainous areas. They ensnared and hunted animals, collected a wide range of plant foods, and used aquatic resources such as shellfish. In addition, they also carefully buried their deceased, occasionally placing different objects in the grave, as well as decorated multifarious images on the walls of the shelters made of stone. The potential significance of the findings to be discovered derives largely from their relevance. During analysis of the stone artefact assemblage, a small particularly with reference to Border Cave was found to have potential for future research and significant contribution to future MSA studies. The artefact was recovered from an MSA context and thus necessarily Lithostratigraphy of Border Cave, Kwa Zulu, South Africa: a Middle Stone Age sequence beginning c.195000 from Sibudu. The micro mammalian fauna from Border Cave is analysed in terms of community composition and structure. Changes in these aspects are interpreted as indicative of changes in vegetation and climate in the vicinity of the cave during the period of deposition. It would appear that vegetation comprised relatively extensive forest or thick bush and dense grass during wetter phases and fairly open savannah woodland, even open grassland, during drier periods. Variation through time in mean mandibular size in two species of Crocidura (musk shrew) was different both in the two species and from what was expected. It now seems likely that the size change constitutes a response to complex phenomena and not simply to changes in temperature. Comparison with the Boomplaas A sequence indicates that the same general pattern of change is reflected at both sites but that there was greater amplitude of change at Boomplaas A and that 18O stage 4 was dry at this site but wet at Border Cave. Evidence for periodic changes in the distribution of various species, and in some cases the mutually exclusive occurrence of ecologically equivalent species, has implications for the zoogeography of the species involved. In particular, the occurrence of Pelomys fallax (creek rat) in the lower half of the sequence is of interest in view of its present distribution 600 + km north of Border Cave. Hominids from the site of Border Cave purportedly provide direct evidence for the early emergence of anatomically modern humans (AMH) in Southern Africa. ESR dating of Border Cave faunal enamel has confirmed the antiquity of the sediments, although questions persist regarding the provenience of the hominid specimens. Here we establish that, at Border Cave as elsewhere, bone mineral crystallinity, measured as the infrared (IR) splitting factor (SF), distinguishes between contemporary and recent bones on the one hand, from Middle Stone Age (MSA) bones on the other. Two hominid postcranial bones recovered in 1987 from a slumped profile, having essentially no provenience, are shown to have crystallinity indices consistent with the MSA fauna, while two of the purportedly ancient AMH specimens (BC3 and BC5) have values consistent with recent fauna. We conclude that BC3 and BC5 may be considerably younger than the sediments from which they were recovered. The archaeological deposits at Border Cave date back more than 150 000 years and are evidence of Africa having most certainly been the origin of modern humans. The site was first investigated by Prof. Raymond Dart in 1934 and he demonstrated a Middle Stone Age sequence to be present to the bedrock. In 1941 and 1942 H.B.S. Cooke, B.D. Malan and L.H. Wells returned to the site and extended Darts excavations Theirs, and subsequent excavations, have yielded incredibly rich archaeological material, including the remains of an infant, dating back about 100 000 years, buried in a grave with a shell pendant and red ochre staining suggesting that the body had been sprinkled with ochre at burial. Recent excavations have helped to clarify the cultural and stratigraphic sequences at Border Cave, and human skeletal remains recovered at this South African site may well be associated with a Middle Stone Age industry. A partial adult cranium is of particular interest, and this was originally described as quite different both from African Negro and from Bushman individuals. Eleven measurements were taken on the fossil, and these provide a basis for comparison of Border Cave with other crania drawn from extant African populations. Discriminate analysis shows clearly that the cranium lies close to the Hottentot male centroid and is within the range of modern African variation for the measurements employed. It is heavily constructed but not archaic in the fashion of Florisbad or Broken Hill. If the case for antiquity is regarded as firm, then the Border Cave skeleton suggests the presence of Homo sapiens in southern Africa before 50,000 B.P. and perhaps as early as 115,000 B.P. Hottentot or Bushman-like people may thus have inhabited southern Africa for a long time. This would be consistent with a phyletic view of human evolution, postulating an in situ transition from archaic to more modern man. Whether migration and replacement of populations may have occurred elsewhere is another question, and there is no reason to exclude this as a possibility on a local level, even if waves of replacement did not sweep the Old World late in the Upper Pleistocene. The hominid and archaeological site of Border Cave (KwaZulu, South Africa) has a stratigraphic progression that covers the Middle and Later Stone Ages. It has been projected that four hominid specimens discovered there characterize very early instances of anatomically present humans, and thus supporting the idea of an early late-Pleistocene emergence of modern Homo sapiens in Africa. This early emergence, on the other hand, has been queried, basically because of suspicions concerning the stratigraphic positions linked with the specimens and for the reason that of short of a steadfast chronology for the stratigraphic sequence. The results of the first complete radiometric dating study of Border Cave, by means of electron spin resonance (ESR) on teeth within sediment layers although younger than some age estimates supported the early incident of anatomically modern humans at Border Cave. Recently, human geneticists and some paleoanthropologists have also proposed an African origin for anatomically modern humans (Homo sapiens), although much of the proof cited is from non-African sources mainly Europe and the Middle East. Fortunately these models have stimulated reassessment of the sub-Saharan Middle Stone Age (MSA), the archaeological phase between 200,000 and 30,000 years ago which represents the beginnings of regional variation in technology and cultural adaptation as well as the period in which modern humans appeared. Long ignored by East African archaeologists in favour of the earliest cultural record, or, at the other extreme, Neolithic and Iron Age research, the MSA is critical to the evaluation of models of the emergence of our own species. The current arguments concerning the origin and dispersal of modern humans have been reviewed, and the importance of the MSA for the resolution of the problem. It also describes the results from a 1990 survey for MSA sites conducted in south-western Tanzania within the framework of these current models. Industrial development is represented in terms of early industries like Oldowan , Acheulian, Middle Stone Age, Later Stone Age, Lupemban Industry and Sangoan Industry Paleolithic archaeologists working in Africa divide pre-history into the Earlier, Middle and Late stone Ages, while the workers in Europe use the terms Lower, Middle and Upper Paleolithic. Lupemban industry a sub-Saharan African stone tool industry dating from the late Pleistocene, and began in like 40,000 years ago. This industry was copied from and substituted by the Sangoan industry, which is eminent in the sub-Saharan forested areas of Africa. The Lupemban industry is characterized by reasonably small, well-shaped tools such as chisels, adzes, planes (probably demonstrating intensive woodworking), side scrapers, and blades (Archaeology and Prehistory  ¶1-6). The most distinguishing feature of Lupemban tool is an elongated, lance late bifacial tip that is habitually very beautifully and finely flaked. Sangoan industry,  sub-Saharan African stone tool industry of Acheulean origin dating from about 130,000 to 10,000 years ago. It is more or less contemporary with the Faure smith industry of southern Africa. The Sangoan industry was discovered in 1920 at Sango Bay, Uganda, and is also found in other countries such as Zambia, Kenya Congo and Angola. Alternative forms of Sangoan are found in South Africa and Zimbabwe. The Sangoan industry is categorized by a class of pick, huge planes for woodworking, flake knives, scrapers, and hand axes. Early Oldowan sites span ~2.0 to 2.6 Ma and are found in Ethiopia, Kenya, Zaire, Malawi, possibly South Africa, and are associated with Homo sapiens, Homo habilis and Homo rudolfensis. Classic Oldowan industries are characterized by bipolar and direct percussion, cores and flakes plus choppers, discoids, spheroids, and standardized small tools, including scrapers on flakes or fragments, rare burins and protobifaces, utilized unmodified flakes; and rare worked bone. Developed Oldowan stone technology is similar to Classic Oldowan but with a reduced percentage of core-choppers, discoids, polyhedrons and heavy-duty scrapers; more refined light-duty scrapers, denticulates, burins, the first appearance of awls and edge-trimmed flakes. Working of bone tools continues. In later phases of the Developed Oldowan a few crude bifaces may appear, at least where there is influence of contemporaneous Early Acheulian as in Africa. The Early Acheulian represents a major new innovation in stone knapping, the production of flake blanks, which are, in turn, used as cores for flaking more useable flakes. Products include crude hand axes with sinuous edges and large flake scars, trihedral picks, rare cleavers. The Early Acheulian has a large component of flakes; chopper, polyhedron, spheroid, heavy-duty scrapers. There is an absence of Levallois or other prepared core reduction techniques. Middle Acheulian tool technology (~500 ka to ~1 Ma) is characterized by standardization of blank shape and reduction techniques (e.g., Kombewa, Victoria West in Africa); more regularized hand axe shapes (cord form, amydaloid, lanceolate, oval), cleavers with bits made using a single flat surface scar, trihedral picks, and flake tools (mostly denticulates, notches, scrapers). Some assemblages have only core-choppers and flakes and these may be interpreted as different technological traditions, for example, persistence of Developed Oldowan, or just different function assemblages within the same tradition. Later Acheulian tool technology is characterized by bifaces that are more symmetrical and refined than in the Middle Acheulian, with well-made, sometimes beautiful, cordiform, amygdaloid, and ovate hand axes. In some assemblages ovates dominate. There is greater use of soft hammer; increase use of Levallois technique, but some sites no Levallois; disappearance of core-choppers; and often the length of hand axes decreases. Denticulates, notches, and scrapers continue. In Africa late sites contemporaneous with Final Acheulian, may have stone assemblages that contain a few blades. Just as the Developed Oldowan was contemporaneous with the Early Acheulian innovation, so the Final Acheulian is contemporaneous with the Middle Paleolithic/Middle Stone Age. Final Acheulian tool technology is characterized by multiple reduction strategies, Acheulian bifaces, sometimes made on Levallois flakes, Levallois and disc cores; variable presence of hand axes, cleavers as well as points and blades. Early Middle Paleolithic (Early Middle Stone Age) (~150 to 300 ka). Just as the Early Acheulian innovation was contemporaneous with the Developed Oldowan, so the MiddlePaleolithic (Middle Stone Age) is contemporaneous with the Final Acheulian. First appearing in Africa and Southwestern Asia, Early Middle Paleolithic/Middle Stone Age tool technology is characterized by elongated or large, relatively thick, blades and point blanks flaked from radial, single or opposed platform cores, recurrent and some Levallois, with minimal preparation of striking platform; retouched points-many elongated, prismatic blades, end scrapers and burins common; no backed microliths; evidence of hafting points and blades (tangs, grooves, mastic); intra-regional point styles suggesting diverse cultural traditions; and use of colour pigments, which becomes extensive by Mid-MSA/MP. This technological innovation is associated with archaic Homo sapiens, such as Homo helmei in Africa. Mid-Middle Palaeolithic (Mid-Middle Stone Age) (~60 to 150 ka). This is the key time period for Homo sapiens out-of-Africa hypotheses. The Mid-MSA/MP technological mode appears in Africa around 150 ka and fades into the Late-Middle Paleolithic (Late MSA), which, in Africa, marks the emergence of the Later Stone Age (Upper Paleolithic) technology mode around 60 ka. I acknowledge this 60 ka lower boundary for the Mid-MSA as somewhat arbitrary; it is for purposes of simplification but also perhaps-at least from the limited perspective of my review-more fitting than, for instance, a 50 ka boundary as some would argue. In palaeoclimate terms, Mid-MSA assemblages appear to correlate pretty much with Oxygen Isotope Stage (OIS) 4 (~59-74 ka) and OIS 5 (~74-130 ka). Upper Paleolithic (Later Stone Age) (~5 to 60 ka; OIS3 ~24-59 ka; African dry spell 20- 60 ka). Early, Middle and Late Upper Paleolithic/Early, Middle and Late Later Stone Age tool industries are characterized by retouched blades and bladelets, scrapers on blades, small and microlithic tools; bone tools, soft hammer, and even more art than prior periods. Micro-Bladelet Mid- and Late-UP. As the focus of this meta-review has been the question of the occurrence of major waves of globalization in modes of tool making and symbolic behaviour and given the mass of research findings available on Upper Paleolithic sites across the regions, I gathered only highlights of a partial subset of sites. Keeping this limitation in mind, considering Mid-UP assemblages, especially those using micro blade core reduction for bladelets and backed blades and bladelets, by region it appears that this specialized technology appears in Africa around 30 ka. Backed microliths occur at Enkapune ya Muto Shelter, Kenya, from the earliest EUP level almost ~50 ka (AS1998), though if counted as EUP, then early micro blades occur, for example, at Ntumot, Ntuka River, Kenya, (14C, AAR) ~30-32 ka (AS2002). Border Cave has now yielded more than one million Stone Age implements, as well as the remains of at least 43 mammal species, including elephant and three others that are now extinct. Also revealed in the cave was the Lebombo Bone,one of the few oldest known artefact related to the essential arithmetical activity of counting. Dated to 37 000 BP, the Lebombo Bone is a little section of baboon fibula which has been engraved with 29 notches, similar to the calendar sticks still used by Bushmen in the Kalahari today. The remains of Early and Middle Stone Age people have been found, especially Middle Stone Age from the pulse in the warm period, maybe 125,000 years ago. The Border Cave archaeological site in the Lebombo Mountains on the modern border between KwaZulu-Natal and Swaziland are of more importance in Africa, and the world, with continuity of occupation at least from that time.

History of Computer Animation :: Computers Animation Essays

History of Computer Animation To look at him, you would not think that Phil Tippett is the creator of some of the most horrific and terrifying monsters ever witnessed by the human race. A quite normal-looking man of average height, with thinning grey hair, he has been at the forefront of movie animation for almost three decades. Phil Tippett is one of the greatest animators of all time, starting off with the age-old techniques of stop-motion and then moving on to the technical computer generated wizardry of today. I chose to write about him because I greatly admire the work he had done in the industry and he has witnessed first hand the technological advances that have occurred during the course of his career. I am also interested in him because as well as being involved in the field of cgi special effects (a career which I also wish to pursue), he was also closely involved in the ground-breaking (for the time) special effects and animation in the Star Wars Trilogy, which happens to be another love of mine. Born in 1951 in Illinois, Tippett has had a lifelong fascination with the art of animation. During his childhood he was fascinated by films such as King Kong and Jason and the Argonauts. He was fascinated by the surreal images in these movies and wanted to know how they were achieved. He went to his local library to research the subject and discovered the principles of stop motion. One of his favourite childhood hobbies was to make stop motion films with his father’s old movie camera. Tippett had been a lifelong devotee of stop motion as practiced by masters like Willis O’Brien in King Kong (1933) and Ray Harryhausen in The 7th Voyage of Sinbad (1958) and Jason and the Argonauts (1963). Stop motion was, and still is an intricate, painstaking art in which animators pose and photograph miniature figures frame by frame. He wasn’t alone. â€Å"Just about every top animator or effects man today has favorite Harryhausen figurines, such as the part-rhino, part-centaur Cyclops, the serpent woman, and the two-headed Roc bird from Sinbad; or, from Jason, the harpies that are a cross between gargoyles and pterodactyls, and the seven-headed Hydra and its spawn† (ILM). In traditional stop motion (still practiced by Henry Selick in marvels like The Nightmare Before Christmas and James and the Giant Peach), the camera records a series of subtly different poses rather than actual shifting, so the resulting flow of images is inherently surreal -- ultra-sharp and jerky.

Macbeth: Appearance vs Reality :: Macbeth essays

Macbeth: Appearance vs Reality The way people act on the outside and who they really are on the inside may be two totally different things. Some may change because they feel they don't fit in. Others pretend to be something they truly aren't. No matter which way you look at it, if you try to act like someone your not, the truth will always appear in the end. That is exactly what happened in William Shakespeare's play, MacBeth. Banquo, MacBeth, and Lady MacBeth each project an image, but as time passes. The realities of their true personalities begin to emerge. As an honorable man, Banqou tends to hold back his true feelings in order not to offend others around him. At one point in the play, Banqou and MacBeth find themselves in the presence of three weird sisters who make three absurd predictions. MacBeth leans toward believing them while Banqou says, "And oftentimes, to win us to do our harm, the instruments of darkness tells us truths, win us with honest trifles, to betray's in deepest consequence". (Act I, Scene 3) A thoughtful yet skeptical Banquo speaks his words here very carefully to MacBeth in order to remain honorable. He doesn't want to come right out and tell MacBeth to be cautious in his actions, so he tries to soften his words so that MacBeth might contemplate his future movements. However, MacBeth does not take heed of Banquo's warnings. Because of the witch's predictions and his impatience, MacBeth kills in order to get what he expects is coming to him. When Banquo takes time to contemplate what has been going on, he turns his thoughts to MacBeth. He expresses his feelings about the situation in Act II, Scene 1. Banqou feels that MacBeth might have something to do with the murders, but he never stands up for his thoughts or listens to his conscience until MacBeth comes to him one day. When MacBeth asks to talk privately to Banquo, Banquo states; " So I lose none in seeking to augment it, but still keep my bosom franchised and allegiances clear, I shall be counseled." (Act III, Scene 1) Banquo means that he will talk to MacBeth, just as long as MacBeth knows that he is loyal to the King. This is the only time that Banquo sets his foot down against others to stand up for his morals. Just like Banquo, MacBeth's appearance differs from his true self. MacBeth portrays himself to be strong and wise, but inside he is truly weak. When he first faces the witch's predictions, he says; " Come what come may, time

Lars and the Real Girl

My perceptions and presumptions about people who order sex dolls is not limited on the morality of the person but on how he was raised as a child. In most cases, people who perform something unusual is a refelction on his childhood days. This perception and presumption was supported by the movie Lars and the Real Girl wherein Lars fell in love with a doll because of his unhappy childhood. In my case, if a family member or a friend ordered a sex doll, I will not judge the person right away.I will deal the matter with reasonable thinking and focus on the reason why the said act happened. 2. Discuss how Lars constructs a social identity for Bianca. Lars constructed a social identity for Bianca by means of introducing her as his girlfriend, as if she was a real girl. The fact that Bianca is just a doll was lost when the townspeople accepted her character as if she was a real girl. Since Lars treated Bianca as a real girl and allowed her to grow by working as a model and attending meeting s, he painted a scenario that Bianca is an active and normal girl who loves him.Hence, the social identity of Bianca is a girl who is willing to love him while reaching for her dreams. 3. How do the people of the town set up social phenomena (or systems—i. e. , concepts and practices) and follow through with them in relation to Lars and Bianca? In other words, how does the community create for Bianca a subjectivity rather than the objectivity of a doll? Give examples of the shared ideas the community adopts and accepts about Lars, Bianca and their relationship. The townspeople accepted Bianca as a real girl despite the fact that she was a doll.They also accepted her as the girlfriend of Lars which made Lars able to interact with them well. Aside from that, the people in the town allowed Bianca to work as a model in a clothing store and attend social activities. When Bianca was sick and later on died, the people in the town also offered flowers and support for the couple, Lars and Bianca. 4. What moral presumptions (rules that we follow) does the community share about family or romantic relationships? About humanity? About dignity? About sexuality? Explain.About family and romantic relationships, our moral presumption is that boy-girl relationships must be acceptable in the soceity in such a way that parents and family members agree to the relationship. The girl must be hardworking, attractive, and intelligent. In the human race, the person who knows how to interact well with other people are always accepted in the society. People base friendship and camaraderie with how a person agree to the norms and practices of the community he or she belongs. A person is also considered dignified when he has pride and wit to run his life.For example, in the movie Lars and the Real Girl, the attitude of Lars in buying a sex doll named Bianca in the Internet made people think that he was insane. But when he introduced Bianca to the people and the latter's acceptance m ade Lars capable of interacting well with them, he became a dignified person and was accepted as a real man (The Internet Movie Database, 2009, p. 1). Sexuality is based on the quest of becoming a real man and capable of performing responsibilities in the family and the society as a whole. 5.Use deductive reasoning to justify the community’s conduct in Lars and the Real Girl. (A one-sentence hypothesis) The people in the community believes that the presence of Bianca in the life of Lars made him a better person. 6. Use inductive reasoning to construct an idea about people who buy sex dolls using Lars and the Real Girl. (A one-sentence hypothesis) Buying sex dolls is not really an immoral act, and what is important is how the act touches the lives of many people. 8. Is Lars’ relationship with Bianca immoral?Why or why not? The relationship of Bianca and Lars is not really immoral. Their relationship is based on the norms of the society and the difference is only the fac t that Bianca is a doll and not the real girl. But it still depends on the way people think and perceive in a given situation. 9. Which statement best describes your assessment of this film? Why? a. I believe that the movie reinforced the belief that femininity (and females) is best represented by silence and passivity. b.I believe that the movie offered a view of femininity (and females) that is vibrant, active and engaged in their abilities and lives. I choose this description in the film as an assessment because it was proven in the movie that a vibrant, active, and hard working girl is mostly accepted in the society. Like Bianca, any girl who works hard and interact well with other people is a likeable person. References The Internet Movie Database. 2009. Lars and the Real Girl. Retrieved June 1, 2009, from http://www. imdb. com/title/tt0805564/.

Existentialism is Humanism Essay

The assumption by Sartre that existence precedes essence takes back the traditional thinking of philosophers about essence and existence. In general they thought that essence precedes existence in certain ways. Sartre posits that they are right to some extent. When he observes that â€Å"Existence precedes essence† he does not mean that this is always the case, but rather that sometimes it is so. This can be explained using his example in the essay about the â€Å"paper knife†. In this case of the paper knife, Sartre argues that essence precedes existence, â€Å"that is to say the sum of the procedures and the qualities which made its production and its definition possible – precedes its existence† (Sartre 1946). Essence is the expression created when something is given a definition. Essence sets the limits of an object and provides the basic properties of a thing; that is what it has or what it doesn’t have in order to serve its purpose of existence. In this case, essence precedes existence in the logic that before a designer manufactured the knife there was some plan for it that existed in his or her mind. This plan is the essence (Sartre 1943). Therefore when Sartre says that essence precedes existence in this case he is simply recognizing the fact that the knife was premeditated first and later on it was produced. This means the plan to produce the knife was there first and later it was produced following that plan. From this example it is easy to track down the general principle that Sartre is trying to bring out. First for all manufactured objects or articles, essence precedes existence. Since God lives and as he is thought to be the creator of the whole world then it follows that the whole world and everything in it can be assumed to be an artifact. God was the master planner and He created everything according to His plan. God, when He creates man he uses the same procedure just as the manufacture of the paper knife since when he creates he knows what he is creating. The idea of God was suppressed in the 18th century but the idea of essence preceding existence was universally accepted in the philosophies of Diderot, Voltaire and Kant. Sartre observes that â€Å"In Kant, this universality goes so far that the wild man of the woods, man in the state of nature and the bourgeois are all contained in the same definition and have the same fundamental qualities. Here again, the essence of man precedes that historic existence which we confront in experience† (Sartre 1946). From this analysis we get to the next step. If God lives this means essence comes first for everything that is in world. There is a traditional explanation of this divine plan generally referred to as Providence in theological circles. It refers to the plan that God worked in advance before he created the universe and humanity. But this plan is not just for the whole because He has also premeditated all the details since he is an all knowing God. This means we do not have the human nature in general to set boundaries on what we can do or what we cannot do. In addition there is also a divine plan for individuals. For example Socrates has his own essence that confines him within the universal plan of human nature (Zunjic 2010). Being an atheist, Sartre observes that if God does not exists then there is one being whose existence comes before its essence and that is man or human reality as Heidegger puts it. When he says existence precedes essence Sartre provide the meaning by saying that â€Å" this means that man first exists, he encounters himself, goes into the world and later on discovers or defines himself. When the man is not definable as the existentialist sees him it is because to start with, man is nothing† (Sartre 1946). Man will not be anything until some times later and then he will be what he makes himself to be at the end. In other words man is responsible for his actions if existence preceded essence. â€Å"Therefore existentialism puts place every responsibility for his existence on his shoulders. This means man is not only responsible for himself but also for all men† (Sartre 1946). Sartre observation that people must create themselves and give themselves meaning meant that people have to protect themselves instead of calling on God to intervene on their behalf. He saw people as the ones responsible for their politics and individual lives. He refused the notion that the devil was responsible for individual acts or the explanation that one was following God. He also did no accept the excuse of being only human or unloved by ones parents. It was not an excuse to follow the crowd for Sartre. He believed that people create their own moral values through the choices that they make in life. The people are the ones responsible for drawing their plans as to what they will or will not do (Sartre 1943). The philosophers of the traditional forms of humanism thought they could keep this idea of a kind of prior nature without having God in mind. They had in mind an atheist view of nature as well as the notion of an ordered universe where things happened in a predetermined and ordered manner. According to Sartre they were all wrong. This is because if essence precedes existence in general, that is ,if the laws that sets the limits of what things are and what they are able to have been established and determined before the things came into existence, then where would they exist? (Zunjic 2010). These philosophers have connected the concept of existence and essence in such a manner that existence signifies the instantiation of essence. If essence describes what a thing is and existence â€Å"that it is† then it follows that what is reasonable about any particular object and what can be thought about it will fit in its essence. It’s from this kind of thinking that traditional philosophy drew its description for ones way of life. To them having essence meant that people could be placed within the universe that provided the ability for the human development. But Descartes disagreed with this type of thinking preferring a radical first person reflection of his own version of existence the â€Å"I am†. Nevertheless he later on modified the old model by incorporating his existence as that of a substance determined by an essential property â€Å"thinking†. Thus the idea of reality according to Sartre is similar to that of Descartes’, â€Å"I am, I exists, therefore I am; I am because I think, why do I think? I don’t want to think any more; I am because I think that I don’t want to be. † (Existentialism Is Humanism. 2010). In summary when Sartre says that existence precede essence he means that man first exists, he encounters himself, goes into the world and later on discovers or defines himself. When the man is not definable as the existentialist sees him it is because to start with, man is nothing. He will not be anything until some times later and then he will be what he makes himself to be at the end. Traditional views give priority to essence and high values for its features whereas Sartre gives priority to existence with its positive reevaluation of its contingency and temporality. With this reversed view Sartre believed we can give full tribute to man and his self creative capabilities. References Existentialism Is Humanism. (2010). In Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved May 17, 2010, from Encyclopedia Britannica Online: http://www. britannica. com/EBchecked/topic/198165/Existentialism-Is-a-Humanism Sartre J. P. (1946), The Humanism of Existentialism. London: World Publishing Company Sartre (1943) Being and Nothingness. London: World Publishing Company Zunjic Bob (2010). The Humanism of Existentialism. Retrieved May 17, 201017th, ,from http://www. uri. edu/personal/szunjic/philos/human. htm